What is the population of Puerto Rico in 2025?

Puerto Rico has a population of 3.18 million (3,184,835) according to World Bank, World Development Indicators data for 2025.

What is the capital of Puerto Rico?

The capital of Puerto Rico is San Juan.

How large is the economy of Puerto Rico?

Puerto Rico's GDP is $129.37B (2025, World Bank, World Development Indicators), which is $40,620 per capita.

Puerto Rico

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Updated August 12, 2026

Population

3.18 million

2025 · World Bank

GDP

$129.37B

2025 · World Bank

GDP per capita

$40,620

2025 · World Bank

Area

8,870 km²

mledoze/countries reference dataset

Capital

San Juan

Median age

45.8 yrs

2025 · UN WPP

CIA World Factbook map of Puerto Rico, showing major cities, rivers and neighbouring countries — Map from The World Factbook, final edition. Public domain (17 U.S.C. § 105); boundary representation is not necessarily authoritative.

Capital: San Juan
Region: Central America and the Caribbean
Subregion: Caribbean
Area: 8,870 km²
Languages: English, Spanish

#135 of 238 in population #66 of 222 in GDP #171 of 252 in area #40 of 213 in GDP per capita #41 of 228 in life expectancy

Then and now

The CIA World Factbook stopped updating in January 2026. This is what has changed since its final edition.

Final CIA World Factbook figures of January 2026 versus current data for Puerto Rico
Indicator	Factbook, final edition	Current	Change
Population	2,984,8412025	3,184,8352025	+6.7%
GDP (nominal)	$125.84B2024	$129.37B2025	+2.8%
Inflation rate	4.3%2022	1.4%2025	-2.9 pp

Trends since 2000

Population -16% since 2000

3.81 million (2000) 3.18 million (2025)

GDP +110% since 2000

$61.70B (2000) $129.37B (2025)

GDP per capita +151% since 2000

$16,192 (2000) $40,620 (2025)

World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0).

7 facts about Puerto Rico

01 Puerto Rico ranks 135 of 238 in population, with 3.18 million people as of 2025.
02 Its economy produced $129.37B in 2025, or $40,620 per person.
03 Puerto Rico has no land borders.
04 Population has declined 16% since 2000, from 3.81 million to 3.18 million.
05 Prices sit at about 78% of United States levels (World Bank PPP data, 2025).
06 87% of the population uses the internet (2022).
07 It lists 2 official or major languages: English, Spanish.

Reference

Languages: English, Spanish
Currency: United States dollar (USD)
Internet TLD: .pr
Demonym: Puerto Rican
ISO codes: PR · PRI · 630

The Factbook archive 120 fields · 11 categories

The complete World Factbook entry for Puerto Rico: 120 fields and 191 sub-entries across 11 categories, kept whole as historical reference. A United States Government work in the public domain, reflecting data as of the final January 2026 edition; the live figures above supersede the fast-moving numbers in it. Last CIA update: January 18, 2026.

Puerto Rico and neighbouring land. Geometry: Natural Earth (public domain).

Introduction 1 field

Background: Populated for centuries by aboriginal peoples, Puerto Rico was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 after Christopher COLUMBUS' second voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rule that saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and African slave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a result of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917. Popularly elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted that provided for internal self-government. In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose not to alter the existing political status with the US, but the results of a 2012 vote left open the possibility of American statehood. A referendum held in late 2020 showed a narrow preference for statehood.

Economic recession on the island has led to a net population loss since about 2005, as large numbers of residents moved to the US mainland. In 2017, Hurricane Maria was the worst storm to hit the island in eight decades, and damage was estimated in the tens of billions of dollars.

Geography 17 fields

Location: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic
Geographic coordinates: 18 15 N, 66 30 W
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area: total: 9,104 sq km
land: 8,959 sq km
water: 145 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
Land boundaries: total: 0 km
Coastline: 501 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate: tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain in north; precipitous mountains to the sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areas
Elevation: highest point: Cerro de Punta 1,338 m
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 261 m
Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil
Land use: agricultural land: 19% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 5.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 11.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.3% (2023 est.)
other: 30.6% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 220 sq km (2012)
Population distribution: population clusters tend to be found along the coast, with the largest of these in and around San Juan; an exception is a sizeable population located in the interior of the island immediately south of the capital around Caguas; most of the interior, particularly in the western half of the island, is dominated by the Cordillera Central mountains, where population density is low
Natural hazards: periodic droughts; hurricanes
Geography - note: important location along the Mona Passage, a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean; many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well-watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north

People and Society 28 fields

Population: total: 2,984,841 (2025 est.)
male: 1,400,771
female: 1,584,070
Nationality: noun: Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens)
adjective: Puerto Rican
Ethnic groups: White 75.8%, Black/African American 12.4%, other 8.5% (includes American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, and others), mixed 3.3% (2010 est.)

note: 99% of the population is Latino
Languages: Languages: Spanish, English
major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Roman Catholic 56%, Protestant 33% (largely Pentecostal), other 2%, atheist 1%, none 7% (2014 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 12.5% (male 191,649/female 184,597)
15-64 years: 62.6% (male 904,406/female 986,778)
65 years and over: 24.9% (2024 est.) (male 322,698/female 429,322)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 60.7 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 19.4 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 41.2 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.4 (2025 est.)
Median age: total: 46.7 years (2025 est.)
male: 44.2 years
female: 47.8 years
Population growth rate: -1.1% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 7.78 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 10.48 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -8.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: population clusters tend to be found along the coast, with the largest of these in and around San Juan; an exception is a sizeable population located in the interior of the island immediately south of the capital around Caguas; most of the interior, particularly in the western half of the island, is dominated by the Cordillera Central mountains, where population density is low
Urbanization: urban population: 93.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 2.440 million SAN JUAN (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 11 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 82.1 years (2024 est.)
male: 78.9 years
female: 85.5 years
Total fertility rate: 1.27 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.62 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Physician density: 3.06 physicians/1,000 population (2018)
Sanitation facility access: improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 40.9% (2022 est.)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 4.3% of GDP (2024 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 16% national budget (2025 est.)
Literacy: total population: 92.4% (2017 est.)
male: 92.4% (2017 est.)
female: 92.4% (2017 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 17 years (2023 est.)
male: 16 years (2023 est.)
female: 18 years (2023 est.)

Environment 8 fields

Environmental issues: soil erosion; occasional droughts cause water shortages; industrial pollution
Climate: tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
Land use: agricultural land: 19% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 5.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 11.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.3% (2023 est.)
other: 30.6% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 93.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 18.833 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 2.49 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 11.801 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 4.542 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 4.171 million tons (2024 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 796 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 2.365 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 113.5 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 7.1 billion cubic meters (2022)

Government 25 fields

Country name: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
conventional short form: Puerto Rico
abbreviation: PR
etymology: Christopher COLUMBUS originally named the island San Juan Bautista (Saint John the Baptist) and the capital city and main port Cuidad de Puerto Rico (Rich Port City); over time, the names were shortened and transposed
Government type: unincorporated organized territory of the US with local self-government; republican form of territorial government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches; note - reference Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act, 2 March 1917, as amended by Public Law 600, 3 July 1950
Dependency status: unincorporated organized territory of the US with commonwealth status; policy relations between Puerto Rico and the US conducted under the jurisdiction of the Office of the President
Capital: name: San Juan
geographic coordinates: 18 28 N, 66 07 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: Spanish explorer Juan PONCE de Leon named the city in 1511 both for himself and for his name saint, Saint John
Administrative divisions: no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US government, but 78 municipalities (municipios, singular - municipio) are considered second-order: Adjuntas, Aguada, Aguadilla, Aguas Buenas, Aibonito, Anasco, Arecibo, Arroyo, Barceloneta, Barranquitas, Bayamon, Cabo Rojo, Caguas, Camuy, Canovanas, Carolina, Catano, Cayey, Ceiba, Ciales, Cidra, Coamo, Comerio, Corozal, Culebra, Dorado, Fajardo, Florida, Guanica, Guayama, Guayanilla, Guaynabo, Gurabo, Hatillo, Hormigueros, Humacao, Isabela, Jayuya, Juana Diaz, Juncos, Lajas, Lares, Las Marias, Las Piedras, Loiza, Luquillo, Manati, Maricao, Maunabo, Mayaguez, Moca, Morovis, Naguabo, Naranjito, Orocovis, Patillas, Penuelas, Ponce, Quebradillas, Rincon, Rio Grande, Sabana Grande, Salinas, San German, San Juan, San Lorenzo, San Sebastian, Santa Isabel, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Utuado, Vega Alta, Vega Baja, Vieques, Villalba, Yabucoa, Yauco
Legal system: civil law system based on the Spanish civil code, within the framework of the US federal system
Constitution: history: previous 1900 (Organic Act, or Foraker Act); latest ratified by referendum 3 March 1952, approved 3 July 1952, effective 25 July 1952
amendment process: proposed by a concurrent resolution of at least two-thirds majority by the total Legislative Assembly membership; approval requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses and approval by a majority of voters in a special referendum; if passed by at least three-fourths Assembly vote, the referendum can be held concurrently with the next general election; constitutional articles such as the republican form of government or the bill of rights cannot be amended
Citizenship: see United States
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

note: residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Executive branch: chief of state: President Donald J. TRUMP (since 20 January 2025)
head of government: Governor Jenniffer GONZÁLEZ-COLÓN (since 2 January 2025)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by governor with the consent of the Legislative Assembly
election/appointment process: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by an Electoral College of electors chosen from each state; president and vice president serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); under the US Constitution, residents of Puerto Rico do not vote in elections for US president and vice president, but they can vote in Democratic and Republican party presidential primary elections; governor directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a 4-year term (no term limits)
most recent election date: 5 November 2024
election results:
2024: Jenniffer GONZÁLEZ-COLÓN elected governor; percent of vote - Jenniffer GONZÁLEZ-COLÓN (PNP) 39.4%, Juan DALMAU Ramírez (PIP) 32.7%, Jesús Manuel ORTIZ (PPD) 21.1%, Javier JIMÉNEZ (PD) 6.7%, other 0.1%

2020: Pedro PIERLUISI elected governor; percent of vote - Pedro PIERLUISI (PNP) 32.9%, Carlos DELGADO (PPD) 31.6%, Alexandra LUGARO (independent) 14.2%, Juan DALMAU (PIP) 13.7%, other 7.6%
expected date of next election: 7 November 2028
Legislative branch: legislature name: Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)
legislative structure: bicameral
term in office: 4 years
Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name: House of Representatives (Camara de Representantes)
number of seats: 51 (directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 11/3/2020
parties elected and seats per party: PPD (26); PNP (21); MVC (2); PIP (1); PD (1)
percentage of women in chamber: 19.6%
expected date of next election: November 2024
Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name: Senate (Senado)
number of seats: 30 (directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 11/3/2020
parties elected and seats per party: PPD (12); NP (10); MVC (2); PD (1); PIP (1); independent (1)
percentage of women in chamber: 48.1%
expected date of next election: November 2024
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 8 associate justices)
judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the governor and confirmed by majority Senate vote; judges serve until compulsory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Appeals; First Instance Court comprised of superior and municipal courts
Political parties: Citizens' Victory Movement (Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana) or MVC
Democratic Party of Puerto Rico
New Progressive Party or PNP (pro-US statehood)
Popular Democratic Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth)
Project Dignity (Projecto Dignidad) or PD
Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence)
Republican Party of Puerto Rico
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (territory of the US)
Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)
International organization participation: AOSIS (observer), Caricom (observer), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UNWTO (associate), UPU, WFTU (NGOs)
Independence: none (territory of the US with commonwealth status)
National holiday: US Independence Day, 4 July (1776); Puerto Rico Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)
Flag: description: five equal horizontal bands of red alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the left side has a large five-pointed white star in the center

meaning: the star stands for the country; the three sides of the triangle stand for the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government; blue stands for the sky and the coastal waters, red for the blood shed by warriors, and white for liberty, victory, and peace

note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
National symbol(s): Puerto Rican spindalis (bird), coqui (frog)
National color(s): red, white, blue
National anthem(s): title: "La Borinquena" (The Puerto Rican)
lyrics/music: Manuel Fernandez JUNCOS/Felix Astol ARTES
history: music adopted 1952, lyrics adopted 1977; the local anthem's name refers to the local name for the island, Borinquen; the music was originally composed as a dance in 1867 and gained popularity in the early 20th century
_____
title: "The Star-Spangled Banner"
lyrics/music: Francis Scott KEY/John Stafford SMITH
history: official anthem, as a US commonwealth
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural); note - excerpted from the US entry
selected World Heritage Site locales: La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site

Economy 22 fields

Economic overview: US Caribbean island territorial economy; hit hard by COVID-19 and hurricanes; declining labor force and job growth after a decade of continuous recession; capital-based industry and tourism; high poverty; energy import-dependent
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $141.344 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $136.926 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $136.247 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: 3.2% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 0.5% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 3% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $44,100 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $42,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $42,300 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $125.842 billion (2024 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 4.3% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021: 2.4% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: -0.5% (2020 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 0.7% (2024 est.)
industry: 48% (2024 est.)
services: 51.5% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 76% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 8.2% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 14.6% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.2% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 51.9% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -42.8% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products: milk, plantains, bananas, tomatoes, chicken, oranges, mangoes/guavas, pineapples, eggs, pumpkins/squash (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries: pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, tourism
Labor force: 1.152 million (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 5.5% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.8% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 6% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 12.5% (2024 est.)
male: 14% (2024 est.)
female: 9.8% (2024 est.)
Budget: revenues: $9.268 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: $9.974 billion (2017 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2016: 50.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
Exports: Exports 2024: $65.368 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $63.563 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $59.712 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - partners: Italy 15%, Netherlands 15%, Belgium 9%, Japan 8%, Germany 8%, Austria 8%, Spain 7%, China 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, hormones, orthopedic and medical appliances, sulfur compounds (2019)

top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports: Imports 2024: $53.898 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $56.889 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $52.15 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - partners: Ireland 38%, Singapore 9%, Switzerland 8%, South Korea 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines, cars (2019)
Exchange rates: the US dollar is used

Energy 7 fields

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 6.898 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 18.669 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 1.224 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 94.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 4.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal: consumption: 1.124 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 500 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 1.124 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: refined petroleum consumption: 80,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Natural gas: consumption: 2.315 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 15.627 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 2.331 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 86.286 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications 6 fields

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 758,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 4.1 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2024 est.)
Broadcast media: more than 30 TV stations; cable TV subscription services are available; roughly 125 radio stations
Internet country code: .pr
Internet users: percent of population: 87% (2022 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 751,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2023 est.)

Transportation 3 fields

Airports: 20 (2025)
Heliports: 40 (2025)
Ports: total ports: 14 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 3
small: 4
very small: 7
ports with oil terminals: 7
key ports: Arroyo, Ensenada Honda, Mayaguez, Playa de Guanica, Playa de Guayanilla, Playa de Ponce, San Juan

Military and Security 2 fields

Military and security forces: Puerto Rico Police; Puerto Rico (US) National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Puerto Rico or GNPR) (2025)

note: the GNPR was created by order of the US Congress in June 1919; the organization traces its lineage and history to Spanish militias created in 1511 and is one of the oldest organizations in the US National Guard system
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues 1 field

Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs: 146 (2024 est.)

Frequently asked

What is the population of Puerto Rico in 2025?: Puerto Rico has a population of 3.18 million (3,184,835) according to World Bank, World Development Indicators data for 2025.
What is the capital of Puerto Rico?: The capital of Puerto Rico is San Juan.
How large is the economy of Puerto Rico?: Puerto Rico's GDP is $129.37B (2025, World Bank, World Development Indicators), which is $40,620 per capita.

Location

Then and now

Trends since 2000

7 facts about Puerto Rico

Reference

The Factbook archive 120 fields · 11 categories

Introduction 1 field

Geography 17 fields

People and Society 28 fields

Environment 8 fields

Government 25 fields

Economy 22 fields

Energy 7 fields

Communications 6 fields

Transportation 3 fields

Military and Security 2 fields

Transnational Issues 1 field

Frequently asked