What is the population of Romania in 2025?

Romania has a population of 19.02 million (19,020,271) according to World Bank, World Development Indicators data for 2025.

What is the capital of Romania?

The capital of Romania is Bucharest.

How large is the economy of Romania?

Romania's GDP is $428.68B (2025, World Bank, World Development Indicators), which is $22,538 per capita.

Head of state: Nicușor Dan (since May 26, 2025). Head of government: Ilie Bolojan (since June 23, 2025). Source: Wikidata, checked August 11, 2026.

Romania

Updated August 11, 2026

Population

19.02 million

2025 · World Bank

GDP

$428.68B

2025 · World Bank

GDP per capita

$22,538

2025 · World Bank

Area

238,391 km²

mledoze/countries reference dataset

Capital

Bucharest

Median age

43.2 yrs

2025 · UN WPP

CIA World Factbook map of Romania, showing major cities, rivers and neighbouring countries — Map from The World Factbook, final edition. Public domain (17 U.S.C. § 105); boundary representation is not necessarily authoritative.

Capital: Bucharest
Region: Europe
Subregion: Southeast Europe
Area: 238,391 km²
Neighbours: 5
Languages: Romanian

#68 of 238 in population #39 of 222 in GDP #84 of 252 in area #71 of 213 in GDP per capita #103 of 228 in life expectancy

Leadership

Head of state: Nicușor Dan; In office since May 26, 2025
Head of government: Ilie Bolojan; In office since June 23, 2025

Wikidata (CC0), checked August 11, 2026. Frozen Factbook mirrors still list the officeholders of January 2026.

Then and now

The CIA World Factbook stopped updating in January 2026. This is what has changed since its final edition.

Final CIA World Factbook figures of January 2026 versus current data for Romania
Indicator	Factbook, final edition	Current	Change
Population	18,148,1552024	19,020,2712025	+4.8%
GDP (nominal)	$382.77B2024	$428.68B2025	+12.0%
Inflation rate	5.7%2024	7.2%2025	+1.5 pp

Trends since 2000

Population -15% since 2000

22.44 million (2000) 19.02 million (2025)

GDP +1051% since 2000

$37.25B (2000) $428.68B (2025)

GDP per capita +1258% since 2000

$1,660 (2000) $22,538 (2025)

Inflation -84% since 2000

45.7% (2000) 7.2% (2025)

World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0).

6 facts about Romania

01 Romania ranks 68 of 238 in population, with 19.02 million people as of 2025.
02 Its economy produced $428.68B in 2025, or $22,538 per person.
03 It shares land borders with 5 neighbours: Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, Ukraine.
04 Population has declined 15% since 2000, from 22.44 million to 19.02 million.
05 Prices sit at about 44% of United States levels (World Bank PPP data, 2025).
06 91% of the population uses the internet (2024).

Reference

Languages: Romanian
Currency: Romanian leu (RON)
Calling code: +40
Internet TLD: .ro
Demonym: Romanian
ISO codes: RO · ROU · 642

Land borders

Bulgaria Hungary Moldova Serbia Ukraine

The Factbook archive 155 fields · 13 categories

The complete World Factbook entry for Romania: 155 fields and 279 sub-entries across 13 categories, kept whole as historical reference. A United States Government work in the public domain, reflecting data as of the final January 2026 edition; the live figures above supersede the fast-moving numbers in it. Last CIA update: January 12, 2026.

Romania and neighbouring land. Geometry: Natural Earth (public domain).

Introduction 1 field

Background: The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.

Geography 19 fields

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine
Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 25 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 238,391 sq km
land: 229,891 sq km
water: 8,500 sq km
Area - comparative: twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries: total: 2,844 km
border countries: Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km
Coastline: 225 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Elevation: highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 414 m
Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Land use: agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)
forest: 30.2% (2023 est.)
other: 14.5% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land: 5,280 sq km (2022)
Major rivers (by length in km): Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Natural hazards: earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
Geography - note: controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, and the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

People and Society 35 fields

Population: total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.)
male: 8,747,795
female: 9,400,360
Nationality: noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian
Ethnic groups: Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)

note: data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population
Languages: Languages: Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)

note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond
Age structure: 0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304)
15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718)
65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 61.3 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 24.9 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 36.4 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.7 (2024 est.)
Median age: total: 45.8 years (2025 est.)
male: 44 years
female: 46.9 years
Population growth rate: -0.86% (2025 est.)
Birth rate: 8.45 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 14.28 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Urbanization: urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 27.1 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 73.4 years
female: 80.5 years
Total fertility rate: 1.63 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.79 (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 6.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density: 3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Hospital bed density: 7.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 77.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 88.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 22.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 11.5% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 22.5% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita: total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use: total: 26.7% (2025 est.)
male: 36.2% (2025 est.)
female: 17.9% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 56% (2021 est.)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 0.5% (2021)
women married by age 18: 6.9% (2021)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 8.8% national budget (2022 est.)
Literacy: total population: 99.2% (2021 est.)
male: 99% (2021 est.)
female: 99.3% (2021 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years (2023 est.)
male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 14 years (2023 est.)

Environment 12 fields

Environmental issues: soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
International environmental agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Land use: agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)
forest: 30.2% (2023 est.)
other: 14.5% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions: 61.416 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.07 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 30.902 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 17.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 14.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions: energy: 325.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 355.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 247.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 11.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 5.42 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 1.256 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 3.94 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 2.955 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources: 212.01 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Geoparks: total global geoparks and regional networks: 2
global geoparks and regional networks: Buzău; Haţeg (2023)

Government 25 fields

Country name: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Romania
local long form: none
local short form: Romania
former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania
etymology: the name derives from the Latin Romani, meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861
Government type: semi-presidential republic
Capital: name: Bucharest
geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site; the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner
Administrative divisions: 41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea
Legal system: civil law system
Constitution: history: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991
amendment process: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)
head of government: Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament
most recent election date: 18 May 2025
election results:
2025: Nicușor DAN elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Nicușor DAN (unaffiliated) 53.6%, George SIMION (AUR) 46.4%

2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%
expected date of next election: 2030
Legislative branch: legislature name: Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României)
legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber: chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor)
number of seats: 331 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 12/1/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63); National Liberal Party (PNL) (49); Save Romania Union (USR) (40); S.O.S. Romania (28); Party of Young People (POT) (24); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22)
percentage of women in chamber: 22.4%
expected date of next election: November 2028
Legislative branch - upper chamber: chamber name: Senate (Senatul)
number of seats: 136 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 12/1/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28); National Liberal Party (PNL) (22); Save Romania Union (USR) (19); S.O.S. Romania (12); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10); Party of Young People (POT) (7)
percentage of women in chamber: 20.9%
expected date of next election: November 2028
Judicial branch: highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts
Political parties: Alliance for the Fatherland or APP
Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD
Civic Hungarian Party
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR
Ecologist Party of Romania or PER
Force of the Right or FD
Greater Romania Party or PRM
Green Party
National Liberal Party or PNL
Popular Movement Party or PMP
PRO Romania or PRO
Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR
Save Romania Union Party or USR
Social Democratic Party or PSD
Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL)
S.O.S. Romania
The Right Alternative or AD
United Romania Party or PRU
We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)
chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4829
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
email address and website:
[email protected]

https://washington.mae.ro/en
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Michael L. DICKERSON (since 20 May 2025)
embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118
mailing address: 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260
telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300
FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442
email address and website:
[email protected]

https://ro.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence: 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)
National holiday: Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
Flag: description: three equal vertical bands of blue (left side), yellow, and red

meaning: the colors come from the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania

history: modeled on the French flag; the national coat of arms that used to be centered on the yellow band has been removed

note: similar to the flag of Chad, which has a darker blue band; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
National symbol(s): golden eagle
National color(s): blue, yellow, red
National anthem(s): title: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)
lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN
history: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c)

Economy 31 fields

Economic overview: high-income, EU-member economy; euro membership delayed over macroeconomic indicators; persistent inflation, but consumption and EU-funded investments driving recovery; skilled labor shortage; high public debt and budget deficit; challenges include fiscal sustainability and political instability
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $774.376 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $768.126 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $750.091 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2024: 0.8% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 2.4% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 4% (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2024: $40,600 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $40,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $39,400 (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $382.768 billion (2024 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 5.7% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 10.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 13.8% (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 3.3% (2024 est.)
industry: 25% (2024 est.)
services: 62.5% (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 63.5% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 18.3% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 25.7% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: -1.4% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 35.6% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -41.7% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products: wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries: electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate: -0.9% (2024 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force: 8.263 million (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2024: 5.4% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 5.7% (2022 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): total: 21.3% (2024 est.)
male: 21.1% (2024 est.)
female: 21.8% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line: 21.1% (2022 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 32.3 (2022 est.)
Average household expenditures: on food: 25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.9% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 22.6% (2022 est.)
Remittances: Remittances 2024: 2.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Budget: revenues: $93.691 billion (2022 est.)
expenditures: $112.799 billion (2022 est.)
Public debt: Public debt 2022: 50.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 16.2% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance: Current account balance 2024: -$31.988 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$24.461 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$27.326 billion (2022 est.)
Exports: Exports 2024: $136.253 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $136.488 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $129.286 billion (2022 est.)
Exports - partners: Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities: cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports: Imports 2024: $159.575 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $153.427 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $149.209 billion (2022 est.)
Imports - partners: Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities: vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $73.391 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $73 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $55.81 billion (2022 est.)
Exchange rates: Currency: lei (RON) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 4.598 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 4.574 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 4.688 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 4.16 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 4.244 (2020 est.)

Energy 8 fields

Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 19.748 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 48.73 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 13.106 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 10.088 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 5.817 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.3GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 18.9% (2023 est.)
Coal: production: 14.752 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 15.533 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 290,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 736,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 291 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas: production: 9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 59.377 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications 6 fields

Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 1.96 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 23.2 million (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media: a mixture of public and private TV stations; 7 public (2 national, 5 regional) and 187 private TV stations using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; 502 private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting, and 26 using satellite broadcasting
Internet country code: .ro
Internet users: percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 6.63 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)

Transportation 6 fields

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YR
Airports: 103 (2025)
Heliports: 24 (2025)
Railways: total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified
Merchant marine: total: 127 (2023)
by type: general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111
Ports: total ports: 11 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 2
small: 1
very small: 8
ports with oil terminals: 4
key ports: Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea

Military and Security 7 fields

Military and security forces: Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Romanian Land Forces, Romanian Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force

Ministry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Police, Romanian Gendarmerie, Romanian Border Police (2025)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2025: 2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 2.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 70,000 active Armed Forces (2025)

note: in 2025, the Romanian Government announced plans to increase the size of the Armed Forces by 35,000 personnel by 2030
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2025)
Military service age and obligation: typically 18-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; compulsory service ended in 2007 (2025)

note: in 2025, the Romanian Government approved a voluntary service plan for citizens aged 18 to 35 to apply for a four-month basic military training programme, open to both men and women who have not completed active military service or not already in reserve; participants would subsequently be registered as reservists
Military deployments: 470 Bosnia Herzegovina (EUFOR); 200 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2025)
Military - note: the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including Russian aggression against Ukraine, Russia's activities in the Black Sea and in Moldova, cyber attacks, hybrid threats, and terrorism; a key focus for the military is equipment modernization

Romania joined NATO in 2004, and its membership forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland; it also participates in UN peacekeeping missions (2025)

Space 3 fields

Space agency/agencies: Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2025)
Space program overview: develops and produces a range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite launch vehicles, remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, and telecommunications; program is integrated into the ESA; participates in EU and international space programs; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also works bilaterally with ESA member states, particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy; has an active space-industry sector with over 50 entities (2025)
Key space-program milestones: 1967-1968 - began participating in Soviet Intercosmos program and established the Romanian Commission for Space Activities to coordinate national space activities

1981 - first Romanian in space on Soviet spacecraft

2010 - domestically developed commercial rocket launched to an altitude of 40,000 m (24.9 mi)

2012 - first domestically produced scientific/experimental microsatellite (Goliat) launched (failed to operate)

2022 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration

2023 - digital amateur-radio-repeater microsatellite (ROM-2) launched on US commercial rocket

Terrorism 1 field

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Transnational Issues 1 field

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees: 184,991 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 297 (2024 est.)

Frequently asked

What is the population of Romania in 2025?: Romania has a population of 19.02 million (19,020,271) according to World Bank, World Development Indicators data for 2025.
What is the capital of Romania?: The capital of Romania is Bucharest.
How large is the economy of Romania?: Romania's GDP is $428.68B (2025, World Bank, World Development Indicators), which is $22,538 per capita.
Who leads Romania?: Head of state: Nicușor Dan (since May 26, 2025). Head of government: Ilie Bolojan (since June 23, 2025). Source: Wikidata, checked August 11, 2026.

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The Factbook archive 155 fields · 13 categories

Introduction 1 field

Geography 19 fields

People and Society 35 fields

Environment 12 fields

Government 25 fields

Economy 31 fields

Energy 8 fields

Communications 6 fields

Transportation 6 fields

Military and Security 7 fields

Space 3 fields

Terrorism 1 field

Transnational Issues 1 field

Frequently asked